Unemployment and People Essay Example for Free

Unemployment and People Essay Since the dawn of human history, individual needs have been prioritized by every human being. These individual needs can be met by proper sources of employment. After the transformation of the world from a feudal to an industrial society, the needs of an individual have risen sharply, giving due importance to finance. In Pakistan, due to gigantic rise in population, individual finances have been disturbed a lot. This is because of rising unemployment. According to Samuelson: â€Å"Unemployment occurs if there are qualified workers who would be willing to work at prevailing wages but cannot find jobs. Unemployment Situation in Pakistan: According to Economic Survey of 2010-11, population of Pakistan is 177. 1 million. Total labor force is about 54. 92 million out of which 51. 87 million is employed and remaining 3. 05 million is unemployed. Rate of male unemployment is 5. 6 % and female unemployment is Causes of Unemployment Every year many new graduates are added into the labor force but few of them get very good jobs; some others get a reasonable one but many keep on looking for jobs for a long time. There can be a number of reasons for young men to be unemployed. A lack of realistic approach is one of the reasons of being unemployed. Youth have their dreams and some are ambitious too. Their ambitious nature leads them to dream about very unrealistic goals in life. Degree holder youth usually aspire for a white collar job in a big company such as in a multinational. Their objective is to get a high salary. But when they don’t get such a job they keep on waiting for one and hence not only waste their time but also the opportunities to get some other low salary jobs. Illiteracy Literacy Illiteracy and literacy both are the causes of unemployment in Pakistan. Due to illiteracy people are not able to work and they remain unemployed. On the other hand number of educated is increasing annually but government is unable to create employment opportunities e. g. , students of B. Com. are increasing at very fast speed but they cannot find jobs and admissions for higher education. Rate of illiteracy in Pakistan is 42. 3 %. As in the backward areas of country, the education facilities are not available. Only 2. 7% of total GDP of the country is spent on Education. Even though there are more than 8000 ghost schools in Sindh province, which are not working but are under the control of local landlords. Government schools are unable to provide quality education due to imperfect syllabus, improper education policies, and inefficient teachers. That’s why the students are unable to build their strong base through education. Seasonal Variation There is seasonal unemployment in Pakistan. Seasonal unemployment exists especially in industrial sectors. For example, sugar industries and ice factories create seasonal unemployment. People only work for certain part of the year and mostly remain unemployed for remaining part of the year. Unskilled labor Most of the businessmen in Pakistan are illiterate, ill-trained and unskilled. They think that if they employ more persons they will have to pay more and their profit will decline. These unskilled businessmen cause nepotism and favoritism. It means selection according to relation not according to ability. Here deserving candidates do not get jobs and remain unemployed or under employed. High Population Growth Rate The population of Pakistan is increasing at a rate of 2. 1 %. Due to this high rate about two million people enter into the labor market each year. Such huge labor force cannot be provided jobs due to backward economic condition. People are so poor and illiterate that they cannot differentiate between wright and wrong. Money is there problem. They cannot think of sending their children to school at proper age. People have no regrets on having more children. People are not motivated and are deprived of basic necessities so they cannot think beyond that. High Age of Retirement The higher age of retirement in government sector has closed the employment opportunities for the young, literate and trained person. In Pakistan retirement age is 60 years. Lack of Technical and Professional Education Like the absence of other educational services, there are very few and inefficient institutes for professional training in the country, especially in the rural areas. It is the fact that most of the youth are not properly guided and motivated to choose their proper future career. The students choose the career which does not befit their personality and nature. Thus leading to failure in professional life and they cannot find suitable jobs and if they find one, they cannot deal with the challenges of the job. Technical, professional and vocational institutions are limited in number.

Culture and Technology - Tools to Aid in Survival Essay -- Sociology E

Culture and Technology - Tools to Aid in Survival Culture: â€Å"the predominating attitudes and behavior that characterize the functioning of a group†. Technology: â€Å"the body of knowledge available to a society that is of use in fashioning implements, practicing manual arts and skills, and extracting or collecting materials†. Technology aids in the functioning of a group: it is what enables â€Å"predominating attitudes and behavior† to be acted upon. Therefore, initially, a culture must provide incentive for the development/adoption of a technology. Once adopted, the technology must then be incorporated into the society, requiring cultural adjustments. Always, usefulness is the key determining factor. Cultural adjustments must be worth the effort, the technology must meet a societal need. The technologies that each society chooses to adopt are the ones that they find the most useful. Societies have not developed different technologies by accident: the criteria for determining â€Å"usefulness† is culturally based. The Near East is not a particularly fertile area. Dry land and large rivers that periodically flood characterize the landscape. Obtaining sufficient food was not easy. â€Å"The most vital need of early man in regions of scanty rainfall such as the Near East is water.† (Drower, 520). Because this was the most difficult challenge facing them, from an early stage the people who populated the area must have focused on developing effective farming practices. For them, there was probably little else that was as important as water. Because of this, the cultures of peoples in the area centered around the water. Everything was defined by the river. The oracle of Amen, for example, defined Egypt to be â€Å"The entire tract which th... ...ct. Everyone wants to survive: culture and technology both are merely tools to aid in survival. Usefulness is the governing factor for both. If part of a culture is no longer useful because of a change in the environment, that culture will change. If technologies may be developed to make an environment more hospitable, thus avoiding cultural change, then those technologies are focused on. What is most important to people is the maintenance of their culture. Sources Chant, Colin. Pre-industrial Cities & Technology. London: Routledge. 1999. Drower, M. S. A History of Technology, from Early Times to the Fall of Ancient Empires, Chapter 19: Water supply, irrigation, and agriculture. Edited by Singer, Holmyard, and Hall. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1958. Ehrlich, Paul R. Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect. Washington D.C.: Island Press. 2000.

Inventory Control System Essay

This study is established towards gathering and developing strategies that could solve the inappropriate inventory system of 7-eleven Sto. Rosario, Angeles City Outlet. The researchers established Trend analysis (regress over time) and Basic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) to solve problem of inappropriate inventory management. The findings of this study revealed the problem on the current inventory management system that is evident in the product overstocking and under stocking problem of 7-eleven. Forecasting demand may improve the ordering quantity every time they place an order and EOQ may result in the significant savings for the company. The Story of Convenience Shopping 7-eleven pioneered the convenience store concept way back in `1927 at the Southland Ice Company in Dallas, Texas. In addition to selling blocks of ice to refrigerated food, an enterprising ice dock employee began offering milk, bread and eggs on Sundays and evenings when grocery stores were closed. This new business idea produced ideas that satisfied customers and increased sales, and convenience retailing was born. The company’s first convenience outlets were known as Tote’m stores since customers â€Å"Toted† away their purchases and some even sported genuine Alaskan totem poles in front. In 1946, Tote’m became 7-Eleven to reflect the stores’ new, extended hours 7 a.m until 11 p.m., seven days a week. The companu’s corporate name was changed from the Southland Corporation to 7-Eleven, inc, in 1999. Each Store focuses on meeting the needs of busy shoppers by providing a broad selection of fresh, high quality products and services at everyday fair prices, along with speedy transactions and a clean,safe and friendly shopping environment. In year 2004, 7-Eleven located at Sto. Rosario Street Angeles City was established under the management of Edgar Nucum who was the first manager under corporate group of the Philippine Seven Corporation. However, on May 2, 2005, the said business was turnover To Mevin Teopaco because of the conversion of the establishments from corporate to franchisee  Mr. Teopaco who took the business through formal application and training on how to run the business. He is responsible for ordering, buying and maintaining inventory, hiring and training employees, as well on payroll, cash variation, supplies, certain repairs, maintenance and other controllable in store expenses. The company’s mission is t offer time-conscious customers a full range of products and services that meet their ever-changing daily needs through quality, speed, selection and value in a safe, friendly and pleasant environment. And their vision is to â€Å"become a recognized leader in providing time-conscious consumers with a full-range of products and services that meet their ever-changing daily needs. We will be the customer-preffered convenience store by exceeding customer expectations through quality, speed, selection, and value in a safe and pleasant environment, treating our employees with dignity and respect, recognizing our franchisees and suppliers as business partners, being a good corporate citizen. Achieving our vision and continued growth will provide our shareholders with a beter than competitive return on their investments†. Inventories are ordered on a daily basis and delivered through central distribution located in Pasig City. Inventories are individually monitored thorugh monitoring sheet report, sales and ordering are incorporated at SAS System that link to POS (Point of Sales). Although Mr. Teopaco had special training in managing the said business, still sometimes he experienced and encountered different problems related to operation such as inventory losses. Such problem is caused by different factors. This problem arises when the management encounters discrepancy in the delivery of the products. However, there are products, which the store provides but not salable. Such products sty longer in the store and become spoiled. Which are referred to as bad merchandise or BM. In effect, the company experience losses on inventories because such scenario usually happens in the store. Since the store is open 24 hours a day and the security system of the store is not that fully implemented, there are customers who shop lift from the store especially â€Å"out-of-sight† and small products. Sometimes the management could not trace those products until they make an inventory count. Another thing is that some employees do unnecessary things in the store like eating some of the products or keeping them. In such case, inventory losses happen. The occurrence of these different factors led to the existence of a current  problem, which need to be monitored and evaluated by the management in order to achieve the desired objectives of the said company. The Current Situation on the Inventory Management of 7Eleven The main problem 7Eleven is currently facing is the inventory losses as shown on Figure 1. This problem exists because of different factors that the management should eliminate or if not, at least minimize. Such factors are the theft and shoplifiting that result to lesser sales or profit, and obsolescence of the products that result to high inventory sales. Unavailability of the prodcuts results to stock-outs and lower sales because customers tend to patronize competitor’s products. The second factor that led to the afordeimentioned problem is inefficient employees. Inefficient employees can occur just like not performing their duties well and sometimes by concealing merchandise in a purse, pocket, or bag and removing it from the store. It can also occur by stealing cash, allowing others to steal merchandise, eating the goods and sometimes some employees do not punch other products sold. Employee theft can sometimes be charges as embezzlement due to be trusted fiduciary status of the employee. Being inefficient employee can also result dissatisfied customer. All of these methods lead to loss of inventory(shrinkage) and/or profit for the merchant. Preventing employee theft and being irresponsible is a constant challenge for the store. The store knows that it must put systems in place to prevent or deter internal theft. To be effective, loss prevention systems must be designed to reduce the opportunity,desire, and motivation for employee theft. Basic loss prevention steps involve good procedures for hiring, training and supervision of employees and managers. Procedures that are clearly defined, articulated, and fully implemented will reduce opportunity, desire, and motivation for employees to steal. For others, the only barrier to dishonesty is the fear of being caught. The employee thief risks being fired, arrested, jailed, and paying restitution. The other cause of the said problem is the inefficient inventory control system.With this, inventories are not properly controlled which results to a high percentage of spoilage or expiration of some products. When an inefficient valuation is assigned to the inventory, it may end up having higher inventory expense. Moreover, it will be costly on the part of the store. To determine the cost to be associated with the inventory, a physical inventory must be taken in order to determing the number of units present. Then, the costs are attached to each item in the inventory. When dealing with the inventories, cost should be interpreted to mean the sum of all direct or indirect charges incurred in bringing an item of inventory to its existing condition and/or location. The store have a price tag or a universal product code, it is acommon practice to take the physical inventory at the store from these price tags and codes it can determine their inventory. Maintenance of inventory losses may result in lost sales and disgruntled customers. The last factor is the lack of security control system because of limited employees that wil oversee the inventories specially those that are not visible. In effect, shoplifting and theft arises. Technology alone will not eliminate retail theft. Store who wants to reduce losses should also Strive to provide good customer service and promote high job satisfactions levels among its retail sales associates. Stores that utilize security technologies generally have lower overall inventory shrinkage than those retailers who do not. Technology also allows employees to focus more time on assisting customers and less on patrolling the aisles. Inventory is considered the current asset to the store because it will normally be sold within the store’s operating cycle.   All of the said causes result in inventory losses and lead to different effects, such as, lesser profits/sales, dissatisfied customers, and stock-outs. These are not beneficial to the company so the management need to find ways on how to overcome the causes that lead to the above effects.

The Predicament of Amnesia - 1080 Words

The Predicament with Amnesia Amnesia is a type of memory loss that one develops in certain situations. It does not mean, however, that one forgets their self-identity. It states that those who have amnesia only have the trouble of acquiring new memories or forming new memories. Some causes of amnesia are damage to the brain structures that form the limbic system, which is where your emotions and memories are controlled, those who have Alzheimer’s disease, seizures, strokes, tumors in the area of the brain that controls memory, and also alcohol abuse. There are two main different types of amnesia. The two types are retrograde and anterograde, and there are some significant case studies in which these individuals had one or both types of†¦show more content†¦When she came back to her house from work, she noticed he wasn’t present in their home. He had left his house and was found wandering around the streets. When he was attended in the hospital, doctors discover ed he had a virus that caused holes in his brain. This condition was called Encephalitis. This unfortunately left him with having anterograde and retrograde amnesia at the same time. His affected areas were thalamus, hypothalamus, temporal lobes, occipito-parietal and frontal lobes, and amygdala. His memory had last between 7-30 seconds. Clive had a spatial implicit memory. Within his emotional memory, he would gradually accept his condition. He was still surprisingly able to recall some of his procedural memory. Another patient who dealt with a similar situation of having both anterograde and retrograde amnesia was patient R.B. This patient had a reduction of blood to the brain, which was caused by a heart bypass surgery. His lacerations were restricted to the hippocampus. Thus, the result caused him to remain with an absence of memory Amnesia is a type of memory loss that some people develop depending on the circumstances. It could be very common if one damages their brain in the area where memory is stored. Strokes, seizures, Alzheimer’s disease, alcohol abuse, or certain medications one takes can lead to this unfortunate syndrome. There are two types of amnesia. The first type is called Retrograde Amnesia in which one cannot remember their old memories beforeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Amnesia in Memento Directed by Christopher Nash1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe film, Memento, tells a multidimensional story about a man, Leonard Shelby, who suffers from short-term memory loss illness, anterograde amnesia. He is impaired by this medical issue due to being hit on the head when defending his wife, who was attacked and raped in their house during the middle of the night. He kills one of the invaders during the attack. With inability to form new memories, one of the last things Leonard remembers is seeing his wife, die. 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According to Bayley, Hopkins, and Squire (2006) damage occurring to the â€Å"hippocampal region and surrounding structures impairs new learning and leads to anterograde amnesia† (p. 13317). In addition, recently acquired memories are impaired more than remote memories (Frankland amp; Bontempi, 2005). Squire, Stark, and Clark (2004) state that â€Å"medial temporal lobe lesions [result in] profound forgetfulness†Read MoreThe Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat1960 Words   |  8 Pagesimpairments that categorize with loss of functions are loss of vision, speech, language, memory, dexterity, and identity. Some of the diseases or dysfunctions that classify these impairments are Aphonia, Aphemia, Aphasia, Alexia, Apraxia, Agnosia, amnesia, and Ataxia (Sacks 3). It was Paul Broca in 1861 who began the study of the relationship between the brain and mind when a patient case had damaged to the left hemisphere of the brain resulting in aphasia, loss of speech. 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Creating Chinese Calligraphy

Chinese calligraphy is the art of creating aesthetically pleasing writing or tangible representations of the Chinese languages. It can take years to learn the art because students have to master  writing Chinese characters, which is a daunting task in itself, and they have to write them beautifully and with an unforgiving tool: the brush. History The art of calligraphy in China can be traced to ancient Chinese signs and symbols that appeared as early as 6,000 years ago according to Wei Lu and Max Aiken in their essay, Origins and Evolution of Chinese Writing Systems and Preliminary Counting Relationships. However, its modern form didnt emerge until a few thousand years later, between the 14th and 11th centuries B.C. There are seven main categories of traditional Chinese calligraphy—which include Hhsin (pronounced xing), Sao (cao), Zuan (zhuan), Li, and Kai—each with its own slight variations in style and symbolism. As a result, the skill of writing beautiful calligraphy may be difficult for some learners to grasp, but fortunately, there are a variety of online resources for creating and editing Chinese calligraphy.   Although the earliest-known calligraphy-like symbols date to around 4000 B.C., the traditional style of calligraphy thats still practiced today first appeared in Xiaoshuangqiao between 1400 and 1100 B.C. in modern-day Zhengzhou, China. Standardization Around 220 B.C., during the reign of Qin Shi Huang in Imperial China, a standard Chinese calligraphy system was adopted. As the first conqueror of a majority of land in China, Huang created a series of reforms including a character unification that yielded 3,300 standardized characters known as  XiÇŽozhuà  n (zhuan). From that point forward, writing in China went through a series of reforms that yielded a new set of standardized characters and lettering. Over the next two centuries, other styles developed: the  Là ¬shÃ… « (li) style was followed by the KÇŽishÃ… « (kai), which was in turn followed by the Xà ­ngshÃ… « (xing), and CÇŽoshÃ… « (cao) cursive styles. Today, each of these forms is still used in traditional Chinese calligraphy practices, depending on the teacher and his preferences for style and aesthetics. Online Resources If you live in China, its easy to find calligraphers who sell their work or who can create custom calligraphy just for you. There is an easier way, though: tools that convert pasted text into calligraphy using various fonts. Some of the best include: The  Chinese Calligraphy Editor, which allows you to enter or paste your Chinese characters (simplified or traditional) and choose between 19 different styles in four different groups. You can also adjust the size of the generated picture, the orientation (horizontal or vertical), and direction (left to right or right to left). When you click calligraphy, a picture is generated that you can save.The  Chinese Calligraphy,  Model of Chinese Calligraphy, and  Chinese Text to Images Converter, which offer different fonts, though these only accept simplified characters and offer fewer features and customization than the Chinese Calligraphy Editor.The  Free Chinese Calligraphy Fonts, which allows you to download fonts, many of which resemble handwriting, to use on your computer.

An Organization Known As The Comanche Club - 1838 Words

IN 1928, when I was nine, I belonged, with maximum esprit de corps, to an organization known as the Comanche Club. Every schoolday afternoon at three o clock, twenty-five of us Comanches were picked up by our Chief outside the boys exit of P. S. 165, on 109th Street near Amsterdam Avenue. We then pushed and punched our way into the Chief s reconverted commercial bus, and he drove us (according to his financial arrangement with our parents) over to Central Park. The rest of the afternoon, weather permitting, we played football or soccer or baseball, depending (very loosely) on the season. Rainy afternoons, the Chief invariably took us either to the Museum of Natural History or to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Saturdays and most†¦show more content†¦The Chief always found us.) In his hours of liberation from the Comanches, the Chief was John Gedsudski, of Staten Island. He was an extremely shy, gentle young man of twenty-two or -three, a law student at N.Y.U., and altogether a very memorable person. I won t attempt to assemble his many achievements and virtues here. Just in passing, he was an Eagle Scout, an almost-All-America tackle of 1926, and it was known that he had been most cordially invited to try out for the New York Giants baseball team. He was an impartial and unexcitable umpire at all our bedlam sporting events, a master fire builder and extinguisher, and an expert, uncontemptuous first-aid man. Every one of us, from the smallest hoodlum to the biggest, loved and respected him. The Chief s physical appearance in 1928 is still clear in my mind. If wishes were inches, all of us Comanches would have had him a giant in no time. The way things go, though, he was a stocky five three or four--no more than that. His hair was blue-black, his hair-line extremely low, his nose was large and fleshy, and his torso was just about as long as his legs were. In his leather windbreaker, his shoulders were powerful, but narrow and sloping. At the time, however, it seemed to me that in the Chief all the most photogenic features of Buck Jones, Ken Maynard, and Tom Mix had been smoothly

Gender Inequality and Post-Secondary Education in Canada free essay sample

Historically, gender differences have been at the core of social and economic injustice and women have faced fundamental disadvantages (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 351). Despite recent changes in formal equality – the introduction of protection for women in the Constitution Act, 1982 and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, for example informal barriers are still present which lead to the discrimination of women (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 89). The Canadian education system has not been immune to the effects of discrimination towards women; in fact, some argue that schools have been a vessel for inequality (Knudson-Martin Mahoney, 2009, p. 45). This paper will argue that discrimination toward women in post-secondary education has led to social and economic inequality that reaches much further than just educational institutions. The first section of the paper will outline current scholarly literature on education and specifically gender inequality in universities. This paper will then discuss why gender inequality in schools and education is a social problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Inequality and Post-Secondary Education in Canada or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, the essay will conclude with a discussion and commentary regarding the issue of social and economic inequality between genders as an educational system failure. WHAT DO WE KNOW? Many structural functionalists suggest that education is a fundamental way that socialization occurs (Tepperman and Curtis, 2001, p. 347). Furthermore, that our society is obsessed with assigning social statuses to people based on their perceived level of ‘success’; this method of placing individuals or groups into social statuses is often referred to as ascribed status (Sasaki as cited in Tepperman and Curtis, 2011, p. 347). The emphasis placed on social status is reinforced by individuals desire to gain upward social mobility – a process by which one moves up a perceived social or economic hierarchy in order to achieve a desired status in a meritocracy (holding power based on merit and not social status) (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. The desire to gain upward social mobility has led to the belief that educational achievement will lead to increased social status (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 347). Structural functionalists argue that the function of schooling is to give people the desired human capital (in terms of abilities) in order to advance economic growth (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 361). Therefore, many Canadians believe that receiving post-secondary education will lead to higher social mobility, and thus, increase their human capital which will enable individuals to reach a higher ascribed status. The educational system also aims to ‘sort’ individuals into distinct categories which send messages out to perspective employers regarding the individuals abilities; this approach is commonly referred to as signalling theory (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 349). Many scholars suggest that this may lead to economic inequality based on where an individual receives post-secondary education (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 349). For example, men have dominated the fields of engineering and medicine and women tend to study education and nursing. Although many of these jobs require similar educational achievement, education and nursing is not comparable to medicine and engineering in terms of financial reward (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 351). Connell (1996) argues that a symbolic structure in education is the ‘gendering of knowledge’, which refers to teachers defining certain subjects or areas as ‘masculine’ and others as ‘feminine’ (Connell, 1996, p. 214). Furthermore, Connell argues that perceptions of ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ jobs are culturally defined, and thus, banning females from typically male dominated curriculum areas is a form of discrimination (Connell, 1996, p. 217). A result of ‘sorting’ people into different categories is the division of individuals into two economic sectors: the primary labour market (high wage, secure, and highly skilled jobs) and the secondary labour market (low-paying, generally unstable, and unskilled jobs)(Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 350). The placement into each category is largely related to social traits, backgrounds, and abilities that have been achieved through formal post-secondary education (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 350). It is important to recognize that even in modern society, women make up a large portion of the secondary labour market and therefore consistently earn less, have less job security, and face more inequality in hiring practices (Fausto-Sterling, 1992, p. 5). In 2008, Canadian women earned an average $30,100 compared to $47,000 earned by men (Williams, 2010). On average, women who have a post-secondary certificate or diploma earn 71. 2% of what men with the same education earn (Williams, 2010). Women who attain a university degree earn only 68. 3% of what men with a university degree earn. Furthermore, women who work full-time throughout the year earn on average $62,800 while men earn an average of $91,800 (Williams, 2010). In comparing the earning ratio between men and women across distinct occupations, women and men tend to have the least wage disparity in typically labeled ‘feminine’ vocations such as: natural sciences (on average, women earn 83. 5% of men’s wages), teaching (83%), artistic/recreational (85. 4%) and clerical (81. 5%); and the most wage disparity in: medicine/health (56. 8%), manufacturing (55. 7%), occupations unique to primary industry (49%), and government/religion/social sciences (49. 8%) (Williams, 2010). GENDER BIAS IN POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION The conflict theory approach suggests that the educational system services as a vessel of inequality based on class, race, and gender (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 362). An area that this theory may be placed emphatically is on the issue of gender inequality in the post-secondary educational system. Throughout Canadian history, females have been marginalized in the educational system. For example, before Confederation, young girls attended school with boys, but were often pulled out of school in order to fulfill familial duties (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 351). When these young women did attend school and show an interest in post-secondary education, they were guided into fields such as nursing and education (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 351 Macneill, 2011). At one point in history, women were completely banned form attending medical school (a typically male-dominated field) (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 351). Additionally, many of the most highly ‘skilled’ and well-paid jobs such as doctor and lawyer are still predominately held by males. The discrimination of women in post-secondary education has had a direct influence on socioeconomic inequality between men and women. Banks (1988) argues that although the overt sexual discrimination against women in law schools is decreasing, an even more damaging form of covert sexism and gender-bias remains (Banks, 1988, p. 137). Throughout the 1970s, law schools catered specifically to male students, and any benefits to female students were considered ‘secondary’ and unimportant (Banks, 1988, p. 138). Additionally, women tend to stay silent about inequality in law school because â€Å"the law school classroom, environment, structure, and language tend to exclude women or make them feel inferior† (Banks, 1988, p. 146). Banks (1988) suggests that this trend does not simply affect law school students, but the covert sexism filters into the entire justice system (Banks, 1988, p. 137). Sexism is a form of discrimination, and thus, sexism within the walls of our law schools may have a lasting affect on the individuals that enter the field of law. Therefore, women who enter the field of law are faced with discrimination from all areas in the justice system that is dominated by males. As a result, women are faced with discrimination in hiring practices, less pay, difficulty in promotion, and an uncomfortable work environment. Stratton et. al. (2005) suggest that a informal discrimination still exists within medical schools (Stratton et. al, 2005, p. 402). This study found that women tend to think about discrimination and sexism before deciding on which medical specialization to enroll in (Stratton et. al. , 2005, p. 403). Women tend to enroll in areas such as gynecology and obstetrics, while men enroll in neurology and surgery (Stratton et. al. , 2005, p. 405). The research reinforces the idea that discrimination against women may influence their decision in which field to study in post-secondary education and that women as informally ‘pushed’ into areas which are culturally defined as ‘feminine’ and do not provide equal economic gains (Stratton et. al. , 2005, p. 402). Although societal perceptions have changed over time, historical stereotypes have reinforced the idea that women should not achieve the same social and economic statuses as men. The issue of gender inequality in terms of social and economic status remains significantly influenced by achieved education level (Coulombe Frenette, 2007, p. 24). In a report released by Statistics Canada, Coulombe and Frenette (2007) suggest that education level can almost fully explain the decline in economic inequality between genders since the 1980s (Coulombe Frenette, 2007, p. 24). This evolving trend indicates that education level is perhaps the most significant predictor of socioeconomic class. One may argue that this is a direct result of the formal changes made to protect women’s rights in the Constitution Act, 1982. It is important to acknowledge that since the Constitution Act, 1982, there have been many changes to the way society perceives formal equality but informal barriers still remain for women. Although the Charter of Rights and Freedoms may ‘formally’ protect women, gender inequality remains permissive in our culture and therefore continues to make it difficult for females to achieve true equality. Until ‘informal’ barriers such as discrimination, social injustice, and stereotypes are eliminated, social and economic inequality will remain a significant issue for women. The educational system is supposed to provide universal support and learning opportunities for all but it fails to provide for distinct issues relating to women. A cornerstone of our democratic society is that every individual, regardless or race, gender, or class, is afforded the same rights under and before the law (Constitution Act, 1982). However, this has not been the case for women who have faced discrimination in the educational system. Current research illustrates that as women gain equality in certain sectors of the job market, those jobs decrease in prestige and pay (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p. 353). Women who have fought gender stereotypes throughout their educational experience to break through the social construction of a typical ‘male’ vocation, are met with a decrease in the social status and pay of that particular job. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION It is important to note, however, that social and economic equality can be achieved however slow the process may be. In order to continue the trend of positive reinforcement for women’s equality in the educational system and workforce, we must continue to educate future generations and send the message that inequality and discrimination will not be tolerated. Our society is made up of discriminative images everywhere we look, and thus, we must start early in the developmental process, ie. early elementary school, in order to provide our future with the foundation for equality. We must also advance policy in regard to the equal treatment for women in post-secondary institutions as well as hiring practices. This essay has examined the effect that the post-secondary educational system in Canada has had on social and economic inequality between males and females. Throughout history, women have faced a constant struggle to receive equal education in comparison to men. At one time, women were barred from attending highly skilled post-secondary institutions (such as medical schools). When women did receive higher education, they were guided into typically ‘feminine’ vocations such as nursing and education. Not only are these jobs perceived as overtly feminine, but they are paid far less in comparison to typical ‘male’ dominant jobs. Although recent trends have illustrated women are closing the gap in economic disparity, this paper has argued that the gap remains pervasive because of a failed post-secondary educational system. This system has failed to provide equal rights and protections which are outlined in our Constitution. This failure has lead to a system where women still earn less than males and are disproportionately represented in unemployment and low socioeconomic statuses. Our educational system has failed to teach our younger generations that inequality and discrimination will not be tolerated. In order to make societal changes, we must first educate our children to accept all human beings as equal.